Tips for Crack-Free Concrete Slabs

Tips for Crack-Free Concrete Slabs

准备好底座和合理布置控制接头与放置和整理同样重要

我们的行业以材料和工艺的质量而自豪. 我怀疑是否有商人在早晨醒来时对自己说, "Today I think I'll include some defects in my work.“那么,为什么我们认为混凝土板不受控制的裂缝是不可避免的呢?? 这是一个没有人想要的结果,没有人想要解释,尤其是对一个愤怒的客户.

我们甚至用一个陈词滥调来为这种现象辩解:“混凝土有两种作用——它会变硬, and it cracks." But I disagree with that claim. 事实上, as a commercial construction superintendent, I have poured 15,000平方英尺的楼板包含260立方码的混凝土,没有一条裂缝. 我所做的和其他成千上万的商业承包商每天所做的没有什么不同.

住宅混凝土通常不需要满足与大多数商品混凝土相同的质量要求, but nevertheless, 你可以使用我将描述的技术和原则来消除板坯中不受控制的开裂. 如果你是自己浇筑楼板,这些信息是必不可少的. If you are a general contractor or builder, 您可以使用这些信息来更有效地监督和协助您的分包商. 真正的, 具体工程可以在法律上属于分包商的工作范围, but it's your project, 如果板子做得不好,就没什么可做的了. Better to take care of problems before they happen. 如果我必须用一个词来总结好的具体工作的秘诀,那就是“一致性”." For a successful outcome, 您必须在流程设计的每个阶段都进行同样的关注, preparing the subgrade, 放置, 完成, and curing.

Prepping the Base

如果浇筑后地基沉降,就会增加裂缝的可能性. 这似乎是显而易见的,但这是造成太多问题的原因. Several things can contribute to subgrade settlement, 但两个主要的罪魁祸首是跨板区域承载力不同的土壤和路基压实不当.

一定要确保土壤没有表土和有机物. 如果你对你正在建造的土壤的承载能力有任何怀疑, 与当地建筑部门或其他地区的建筑商核实. If you're still not sure, get the soil tested. 你花几百美元做土壤分析和压实测试,比起回去修复破损的地基根本不算什么.

As the subgrade elevation is being established, 确保土壤均匀而适当地压实(见“Soil Compaction Basics," 3/94). 压实度将以最佳含水量(通常为95%或更高)下的百分比表示。, and it's worth verifying. If you decide not to do a compaction test, 至少运行板篡改或跳跃千斤顶,直到几乎没有留下印象与每个连续的传球. It is imperative that soil be compacted in lifts, 最好每次6英寸左右,不要超过10英寸. If you attempt to compact greater depths, 表面看起来很好,但下面的土壤仍然没有压实,最终会沉淀下来.

Also, check for uniform bearing capacity of the subgrade. 挖掘机是否因为第一次挖得太深而把几桶沙子扔进了一个角落? 板的一角是否在岩石上,而其余部分在沙子上? 现在最好是用合适的土壤代替有问题的填充物,这样在适当的压实后,填充物就会像其余的路基一样. 什么是合适的土壤会因当地条件而异. If you are in doubt, get a professional opinion.

Optimal moisture content happens in a narrowly defined range, 因此,虽然你可能需要在干燥的土壤中加水来压实土壤, take care not to add too much. 有时, 由于不可预测的天气条件和常规的分级和排水困难, 居住场地太湿,压实无法发生. 什么构成太湿将因土壤类型而异,但它不一定是泥泞的太湿. 如果你在土壤中看到泵动的迹象,或者在压实设备附近的土壤接近液化, you must stop and correct this condition. 在这一点上,你的选择是有限的:要么等待土壤变干,要么过度挖掘并更换它.

适当准备的路基应在板的整个区域均匀压实, leveled to within 1/2 inch.

Flat on the bottom. It's helpful to picture your slab upside down. 如果底部和顶部一样光滑,战斗就成功了一半. 如果它看起来像月球上的陨石坑,那么你的裂缝已经开始了. 土必须在楼板的整个宽度上被分级到同一水平.

适当准备的路基应在板的整个区域均匀压实, leveled to within 1/2 inch. Your subgrade should be level within 1/2 inch (that's a 12.5% variation in your slab thickness on a 4-inch slab). 如果路基高程不一致,那么板的厚度会变化吗. This variation will cause it to cure unevenly, which will stress the concrete, increasing the likelihood of a crack.

Laying Out Contraction Joints

The shape of the slab can greatly affect cracking. An inside corner, for example, is a pressure point and, as far as the concrete is concerned, a great place to crack. 试着用收缩缝(也叫控制缝)把你的板子分成对称的正方形,而不是用很多可重复进入的角来创造不规则的形状. 收缩接头可以在渗水离开表面后立即手工加工, cut with a saw right after 完成, 或在湿混凝土中使用专有的塑料或金属接头材料之一形成. 不管你怎么做,所有的收缩关节都是一样的. By creating an intentionally weakened point in the slab, 由不可避免的收缩(由于干燥或温度变化)引起的应力在可预见的情况下得到缓解, controlled manner.

收缩缝的深度应该是楼板的四分之一,或者是4英寸楼板的1英寸. 更少一些, and it may not function as designed; any more, and you will unnecessarily weaken the slab, 如果地基移动,混凝土有垂直位移的危险.

在布置平板时,要记住正方形比长方形好. 如果你必须使用矩形,确保长边不超过短边的1.5倍. 在哪里不可能避免密集的可重新进入的角落, additional steel reinforcing may help control cracks.

当在典型的4英寸住宅板上铺设收缩缝时, 8- to 12-foot spacing is reasonable. 在理想条件下,关节之间的间距可能达到15英尺左右.

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For a finished appearance at the slab edge, 在台锯上刻下纤维板,这样顶部1/2英寸可以很容易地在浇注后折断. Then finish the joint with sealant.

Expansion Joints

If the slab is contained by walls, 您必须在基础的内周长周围提供伸缩缝(也称为隔离缝),以使板独立于墙壁移动. 同样的道理也适用于结构柱——如果它们在楼板的区域内的话, they should be surrounded with expansion joints.

住宅伸缩缝通常由1/2英寸厚的纤维板条制成. 如果外观无关紧要,材料可以与板坯表面齐平. For a more finished look, 在台锯上运行纤维板的长度,以在顶部边缘(将在表面标高处)下方1/2英寸处得分,这样您可以在浇注后轻松移除顶部1/2英寸. Then use a caulk to seal the slab edge.

记住,楼板也必须与基础隔离. 板和基础之间的砂或15#毡都可以很好地作为粘结断路器.

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用毛毡纸或砂子将基脚和板坯之间的粘结断开,有助于防止板坯移动时开裂.

Placing the Steel

Proper placement of reinforcement is critical. At the very least, reinforcing mesh, 管道, 缆绳应悬吊,以确保没有缆绳在浇筑板的底部. 如果要正常工作,钢丝网应该在板的中间. Pipe or conduit laid directly on the ground will dramatically weaken the slab; it has the same effect as scoring a ceramic tile before snapping it. 然而,同样的管道悬挂在下面一英寸的混凝土将没有效果.

放置钢筋和管道,使混凝土可以在下面流动,以防止应力上升.

使用钢或塑料钢筋椅将钢筋固定在正确的位置. 不要使用 , 因为它会过快地从周围的混凝土中吸收水分并产生应力点.

When It's Time for Concrete

测量所需混凝土的确切体积,然后加入10%的缓冲液. If you underestimate and have to call for a short load, not only do you waste time, but you may get cracks. 确保混凝土供应商有所需的卡车来供应你的项目,而不必在装载之间等待一个小时. Excessive delay can result in a hot load. If the mix comes out of the chute hot, then send it back.

Although few residential contractors use them, 坍落度测试确保从卡车出来的混凝土不会太湿. If better flow is needed, add a superplasticizer.

衰退. Proper water content is one of the most important elements of good quality concrete; adding water to concrete to make it flow has a measurable negative result. A slab mix should not have a slump greater than 3 to 4 inches. If smoother flow is required, add superplasticizer, 哪一种能在不削弱混合效果的情况下达到6到8英寸的凹陷效果.

Placing and Screeding

在完全固化之前,混凝土实际上是一种很脆弱的材料. How you treat it during placement is crucial to your success. To avoid segregating the from the cement paste, never drop concrete more than 6 feet, use the proper concrete tools (not steel rakes), and don't drag or vibrate the concrete into place. If the soil is particularly dry or you're working in hot, windy weather, you should wet the subgrade, but not enough to create mud or leave standing water. In cold weather, do not place concrete on frozen ground.

混凝土一经刨平,就应立即进行浮力处理. 

很快就会出现渗水,但要确保在完成之前就消失了.

确保在现场有足够的人力来保持浇筑混凝土的连续性. If 放置 a slab takes too long, 第一次浇筑的混凝土要比最后一次浇筑的混凝土牢固得多. 这使得在一个连续过程中完成板坯变得困难.

完成

确保混凝土是平整的,并在放置时浮在水面上, 但不要让整理开始,直到溢出的水已经消失. 如果在浇筑过程中掺入渗水,混凝土表面将会变弱. 出于同样的原因,不要让完成者在完成过程中加水.

为了保证施工顺利进行,在浇筑混凝土时,用手将混凝土板的四周浮起来是个好主意.

一个组织良好、时间合理、不间断的工作流程是必不可少的. 当混凝土被放置时,沿着墙壁和障碍物周围用手铲是一个很好的开始.

所有的放水应该在任何手工处理或动力铲开始之前离开表面.

即使在工作中使用电动镘刀,在障碍物周围也需要一些手工处理.

在你需要它之前,把动力铲加满油准备好了吗. 如果你在权力开始之前有一点耐心, 您可以避免替换较软的混凝土,并在成品板上造成潜在的低点.

If there is any chance of freezing, 在铺设厚板之前,用毯子保护路基.

The fresh concrete is then covered for at least three days.

固化

Don't forget to take care during the curing stage. 起初,温度会迅速上升,达到峰值,然后开始下降. 这个过程对新板坯有压力,并可能导致失败. 湿固化可以防止板坯在这个过程中干燥得太快. 完成后立即用一层粗麻布覆盖一块新板, 用草坪洒水器保持它湿润至少三天(最好是七天)。. Or, cover the slab with a layer of plastic. Wet curing will ensure an even and controlled cure. 在寒冷的天气里,确保新鲜的混凝土不会结冰.

  • This article was originally posted on JLC在线 by author Gabe Martel
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